بازخوانی کالبد و کارکرد در کاخ آپادانا مبتنی بر منابع کهن هند و ایرانی | ||
| معماری اقلیم گرم و خشک | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 10، شماره 16، اسفند 1401، صفحه 23-36 اصل مقاله (1.57 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/ahdc.2022.18770.1667 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سهند محمدی خبازان؛ میترا حبیبی* | ||
| دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| یکی از مهم‌ترین و باشکوه‌ترین کاخ‌ها در ارگ‌های هخامنشی شوش و تخت جمشید کاخی است که به نام آپادانا شناخته می‌شود. آپادانای شوش به دلیل برخورداری از کتیبهای در شالی ستون‌ها بدین نام خوانده می‌شود و کاخی دارای ساخت کالبدی مشابه در تخت جمشید به دلیل همین مشابهت و با وجود عدم برخورداری از کتیبهای دارای نام بنا به همین نام خوانده شده است. پژوهش‌های متعدد باستان‌شناسی، تاریخی و معماری و شهرسازی از دیر باز بر شهرها و ارگ‌های هخامنشی انجام شده و عملکرد این کاخ‌ها و به ویژه کاخ‌های تخت جمشید برای متخصصین همیشه جای بحث بوده است. اما این پژوهش‌ها کمتر بر سابقه‌ی تاریخی و نژادی اقوام پارس که شاخه‌ای از اقوام هند و ایرانی است برای شناخت این بنا متمرکز بوده‌اند. پژوهش پیش رو با استفاده از روش اسطوره‌شناسی تمثیلی، روشی که با مطالعه‌ی صورت یک اثر از خلال مطالعه‌ی اسطوره‌‌ها در پی کشف معنای آن است به دنبال این بود که به خوانشی نو از کارکرد در پس این کالبد دست یابد. مطالعه‌ی نام‌واژه‌ی آپادانا نشان داد که این واژه به معنای مکان گردهم‌آیی و حضور فرهمندان است، و در طی سالیان در معنای مصطلح کاخ ستون‌دار بار عام، کاخ بیرونی، کاخ سلام و آفرین به کار رفته است. همچنین مطالعه‌ی کالبد بنا نشان داد که پلان بنا و نیز بسیاری از جزئیات به کار رفته در آن مبتنی بر دیاگرام واستو پوروشا ماندالا در واستو شاسترا، دانش ساخت محیط کالبدی، دانش سنتی معماری و شهرسازی، در فرهنگ هند و ایرانی ساخته شده است. مبتنی بر روایت شکل‌گیری این ماندالا، پوروشا انسان کیهانی توسط ایزدان بر زمین ثابت شده است، و با حضور این ایزدان آسمانی و خورشیدی تصویر آسمان در این پلان بازتاب یافته است و این صحنه‌ای است که حرکت خورشید و ماه و سال‌هایشان روی آن کشیده و محاسبه می‌شود و چرخه‌ی دائمی روزها و زمان با آن اندازه‌گیری می‌شود. پس این کاخ تصویری از آسمان است و حرکت روزانه و سالانه‌ی خورشید و ماه بر آن بازتاب یافته است و از این راه بهترین مکان برای بزرگ‌داشت بزنگاه‌های مهم سالانه از جمله نوروز و مهرگان و ... است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| هخامنشی؛ تخت جمشید؛ آپادانا؛ وستو شاسترا؛ وستو پوروشا ماندالا | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Reinterpretation of form and function in the Apadana Palace based on ancient Indo-Iranian sources | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| sahand Mohammadi Khabazan؛ Mitra Habibi | ||
| Faculty of architecture and urban planning, Tehran University of art. Tehran. Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| One of the most important and magnificent palaces in the Achaemenid citadels of Susa and Persepolis is the palace known as Apadana. Apadana palace in Susa is called by this name because of having an inscription naming this palace Apadana on the remaining pillars, and a palace with a similar physical structure in Takhte Jamshid despite not having an inscription with a name is called by this name because of this similarity. Numerous archaeological, historical, architectural and urban planning researches have been conducted on Achaemenid cities and citadels for a long time, and the function of these palaces, especially the palaces and buildings of Persepolis, has always been a matter of debate for experts. However, previous researches in order to understand the meaning of Apadana and the physical structure of this building and its function have focused less on the historical and racial history of the Persian tribe, which we know is a branch of Indo-Iranian tribes. This research with the help of allegorical mythology method of Georg Friedrich Creuzer which is a method focused on finding the meaning behind the form of an artwork by the help of finding narratives and myths behind it seeks to find an new interpretation for the function behind the form of Apadana palace. Thus, this historical study in the rich ancient Indo-Iranian texts showed that based on Indo-Iranian etymology the word Apadana means a holy and glorious place of gathering and presence, and over the years it has been used in the meaning of palace with columns, public palace and outer palace. Also, the study of the physical form and plan of the building showed that the plan of the building as well as many details used in it was based on the Vastu Purusha Mandala diagram in the Vastu Shastra, which is the knowledge of building the physical environment, the traditional knowledge of architecture and urban planning, in Indo Iranian culture. Based on the mythological narrative of the formation of this mandala, the Purusha, the cosmic man has been fixed on the earth by the gods, and with the presence of these celestial and solar gods, the image of the sky is reflected in this plan, and this is the scene on which the movement of the sun and the moon and their years drawn and calculated, And also on this plan the constant cycle of days and time is measured. So this palace is an image of the sky and the daily and annual movement of the sun and the moon is reflected on it, and in this way it is the best place to celebrate important annual events such as Nowruz, Mehrgan, Tirgan, etc. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Achaemenid, Takhte Jamshid, Apadana, Vastu shastra, Vastu purusha mandala | ||
| مراجع | ||
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