تاریخچه و علل گرایش به معماری بومی در غرب، کشورهای اسلامی و ایران | ||
| معماری اقلیم گرم و خشک | ||
| مقاله 1، دوره 2، شماره 2، خرداد 1391، صفحه 7-24 اصل مقاله (275 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| ناهید صادق پی* | ||
| استادیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، اوین، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| چکیده موضوع معماری بومی از قرن 18 میلادی به صورتی جدی مورد توجّه علاقهمندان آن قرار گرفته و تاکنون نیز این علاقه و توجّه ادامه داشته است. در طول این زمان دهة 1960 از اهمّیّتی خاص برخوردار است. در این دوران مطالعات و تحقیقات معماری بومی با هدف و نگرش جدید صورت گرفت و دنبال شد. تا سال 1960، اکثر مطالعات انجام شده بر روی معماری بومی، بر مبنای علایق شخصی و اهداف فردی معدود علاقه مندان آن انجام میشد. لیکن پس از سال 1960، در نتیجه رشد و گسترش معماری مدرن و ظاهر شدن کمبودهای آن و پدیدار گردیدن شک و تردیدهایی نسبت به این نوع معماری، مطالعات مربوط به معماری بومی با دیدگاهی نو و نیاتی جدید و در سطحی وسیعتر به وسیلة محققین معماری مورد توجّه قرار گرفت. این نگرش نه تنها در کشورهای غربی بلکه متعاقب آن در کشورهای در حال توسعه و کشورهای اسلامی نیز بروز پیدا کرد. اثرات این موج به کشور ما ایران نیز رسید و پس از انقلاب اسلامی با پدیدار شدن شرایط مساعدتر جامعه، با قوت و قدرت بیشتری پیگیری گردید. مقاله حاضر سعی دارد که به این مساله پرداخته و در این راستا مطالبی را ارائه نماید. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| تاریخچه مطالعات معماری بومی در غرب؛ معماری سالهای1960 در غرب؛ معماری بعد از سالهای1960 در غرب؛ معماری بومی در کشورهای در حال توسعه؛ معماری بومی در کشورهای اسلامی؛ معماری ایران | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The history and causes of attention to the vernacular architecture in Western countries, Developing Countries, Islamic countries, and Iran . | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| nahid sadeghipey | ||
| Assistant professor of Architecture and Urban Development faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Abstract The subject of vernacular architecture has been under consideration of the western countries since the 18th century. At that time because of the colonization of the African and Oceania countries by the Europeans, the issues like lifestyle, culture, art, and architecture of these people became interesting for them. So the Europeans started to study these conditions in the colonized countries. This was effective on the art and literature of their owns cultures, and a new vision to the vernacular architecture. This attachment was continued until 1960s. At that time a turning point happened. In 1960s by the growth of the modern architecture in many part of the world, and appearance of its difficulties and shortcomings in the real life, some doubts and deliberations occurred among these societies. The professionals and responsible architects were looking for the solutions. In this regard they became attracted to the vernacular architecture and tried to find new ways by inspiration from its vital principles. So, after the 1960s vernacular architecture went under the serious consideration of the researchers and interested architects. It was now studied by a new goal and among many individuals in a large amount of attention. This wave of new look to the vernacular architecture distributed to the other parts of the world, such as developing countries as well. In these countries progress and development had been identified with the simple adoption of western knowledge, methods, and materials. So they changed their rich traditional architecture to the modern western style of architecture. As a result they lost their own heritage and achieved a new architecture accompany by new difficulties. Therefore the new return to the vernacular architecture and getting inspiration from its principles, was a good solution for their problems, and became under a serious attention by the interested architects of these countries. In the Islamic societies, the traditional life of Muslims had been denied because of adoption to the western concepts in all aspects of the society, and in the field of architecture as well. Therefore the movement of attention to the vernacular culture was welcomed very well in these societies. It was called commonly, the Islamic revival of resurgence. The rediscovery of Islamic building traditions were also called in some countries as the "Renaissance of Islamic Architecture". Iran, like many other Islamic developing countries had been faced with major changes from the traditional system to the contemporary, so called Modern/Western system. The process of westernization formed and fostered socio-cultural conflicts with the traditional value system of the society and led to many events. Above all was the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Since then; a reversion took place in the country, restructuring of the society got under way in many aspects, and among them was the architectural realm. This viewpoint is still among the important concerns of the society | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| vernacular architecture in West, Developing countries, Islamic countries, and Iran | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
منابع و مآخذ - 1 پیرنیا، محمد کریم، 1371 ، آشنایی با معماری اسلامی ایران، دانشگاه علم و صنعت، تهران. - 2 تهرانی، 1368 ، گفتگوی کوتاه پیرامون معماری امروز ایران، مجله هنرهای زیبا، شماره 3، تهران. - 3 دیبا، داراب، 1371 ، بررسی معماری ایران در روند فرهنگ و تاریخ، مجله علمی معماری و شهرسازی، شماره 16 ، تهران. - 4 سرگذشت آموزش معماری در ایران، 1370 ، مجله آبادی، شماره 2، تهران. - 5 سلطان زاده، حسین، 1371 ، فضاهای ورودی خانه های تهران قدیم، پژوهش های فرهنگی، شهرداری تهران. - 6 صانعی، هوشنگ، 1369 ، بر معماری سنتی ایران چه گذشت؟ مجله ساختمان، شماره 16 ، تهران. - 7 قزلباش، محمد رضا، ابوضیا، فرهاد، 1364 ، الفبای کالبدخانه سنتی یزد، وزارت برنامه بودجه، تهران. - 8 کیانی، محمد یوسف، 1368 ، معماری ایران، انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی، تهران. 21 تاریخچه و علل گرایش به معماری بومی در غرب، کشورهای اسلامی و ایران . مجله علمی معماری و شهرسازی، شماره 17 ، تهران، سال 1372 ،« میز گردی درباره معماری امروز، معماری ماندگار » - 9 . مجله آبادی، تهران، شماره 4 ،« نگاهی به معماری امروز ایران و جهان » -10 منابع لاتین 1- Abel, Chris, 1986, 'Regional Transformation'', The Architectural Review, Vol. 180, No. 11, Nov. 2- Aboutorabi, M., 1991, ''Rapid Modernization and its Impact on Housing and Settlement Planning in Nigeria'' in Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Working Paper Series, vol. 29, Centre for Environmental Design Research, University of California, Berkeley. 3- Ahmad, Aziz, 1970, Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan, Oxford University Press, London. 4- Aysan, Yasemin and Teymur, Necdet, 1990, "Vernacularism in Architectural education", in Turan M. (Ed.), Vernacular Architecture: Paradigms of Environmental Response, Aldershot. 5- Banani, Amin, 1961, The Modernization of Iran: 1921-1941, Stafford University Press, California. 6- Bandyopadhyay, Soumyen, 1992, ''Rethinking Progress: The Case of Oman'', in Traditional Dwellings and Settlement Working Paper Series, Vol. 51, Centre for Environmental Design Research, University of California, Berkeley. 7- Blake, Peter, 1977, From Follows Fiasco: Why Modern Architecture Hasn’t Worked, Little, Brown and Company, U.S.A. 8- Burckhardt, Titus, 1967, Sacred Art in East and West: Its Principles and Methods, (Translated by Lord Northbourne), Perennial Books Ltd., U.K. 9- . Burckhardt, Titus, 1967, ''Perennial Values in Islamic Art'', in Studies in Comparative Religion, Vol. 1, No.3. 10- Burckhardt, Titus, 1976, Art of Islam: Language and Meaning, World of Islam Festival Publishing Company Ltd., England. 11- Chadirji, Rifat, 1986, Concepts and Influences: Towards a Regionalized International Architecture, KPI. Limited, London. 12- Charnay, Jean-Paul, 1971, Islamic Culture and Socio – Economic Change, E.J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands 13- Creighton, T.H. and Ford, K.M., 1961, Contemporary Houses: Evaluated by their Owners, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York. 14- Danby, M., 1983, ''Architecture in the Islamic World'', in MacEoin and Al-Shahi (Eds.), Islam in the Modern World, Croom Helm Ltd., Great Britain. 15- Denel, Bilgi, 1991, “Why the Concrete Jungle''? in Traditional Dwellings Settlements Working Paper Series, Vol. 25, Centre for Environmental Design Research, University of California, Berkeley. 16- Fathi, Asghar (Ed.), 1985, Women and the Family in Iran, E.J.Brill, Leiden, Netherlands 17- Frampton, Kenneth, 1992, Modern Architecture: A Critical History, Thames and Hudson Ltd., London. 18- Hakim, B., ''Urban Design in Traditional Islamic Culture'', Cities, November 1991. 19- Hallet, S.I. and Samizay, R., 1980, Traditional Architecture of Afghanistan, Columbia University Press, New York. 20- Hays, K. Michael, 1992, Modernism and the Post humanist Subject, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 21- Heng, Chye-Kiang, 1992, ''Ju Er Hu Tong: A New Response to the Chinese Traditional Courtyard House'', in Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Working Paper Series, Vol. 48, Centre for Environmental Design Research, University of California, Berkeley. 22- Hourani, Alber, 1962, Arabic thought in the Liberal Age, Oxford University Press, London 23- Kollar, L. Peter, On Post Modern Architecture, The University of New South Wales, School of Architecture, Research Paper No.3, Australia. 22 نشریه شهر و معماری بومی . شماره 2 . بهار 1391 24- Lewis, Bernar, 1968, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, Oxford University Press, London. 25- Lichtenstadter, Ilse, 1960, Islam and the Modern Age: An Analysis and an Appraisal, Bookman Associates, New York. 26- MacEoin, D. and Al-Shahi, A. (Eds.), 1983, Islam in the Modern World, Croom Helm Ltd., Great Britain. 27- Manzoor, Shokrolah, 1989, Tradition and Development, Ph.D. Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, School of Architecture, Sweden. 28- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 1987, slamic art and Spirituality, Golgonooza Press. 29- Nieuwenhuijze, C. A. O. Van, 1985, The Lifestyles of Islam: Recourse to Classicism need of Realism, E.J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands. 30- Papadakis, Andreas C. (Ed.), 1990, The New Modern Aesthetic, An Architectural Design Profile, Academy Editions, London. 31- Powell, Robert, 1992, ''The Contemporary House in Southeast Asia: A Synthesis of the Vernacular and Modernity'', in Traditional Dwelling and Settlements Working Paper Series, Vol. 39, Centre for Environmental Design Research, University of California, Berkeley. 32- Richards, J. M., 1985, In the International Context, In Richards, J.M., Hassan Fathy, A Mimar Book, the Architectural Press, Singapore. 33- Roth, L.M., 1994, Understanding Architecture: It's Elements, History, and Meaning, The Herbert Press Ltd., London. 34- Vaziritabar, Shahram, 1990, Design and Privacy in Modern and Traditional Housing in Iran, Ph.D. Thesis, Oxford Polytechnic, England. 35- Watt, W.M., ''Islam and the West'', in MacEoin and Al-Shahi (Eds.), Islam in the Modern World, Croom Helm Ltd., Great Britain, 1983. 36- Wodehouse, Lawrence, 1980, Indigenous Architecture Worldwide: A Guide to Information Source, Vol. 12 in the Art and Architecture Information Guide Series, Gale Research Company. U.S.A. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 5,188 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 17,232 |
||