روند جمعیت و ارزیابی تکثیر و معرفی مجدد گونه درمعرض خطر انقراض گور آسیایی Equus hemionus onager در ایران | ||
| خشک بوم | ||
| دوره 11، شماره 2، اسفند 1400، صفحه 57-73 اصل مقاله (978.17 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.29252/aridbiom.2022.18243.1886 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| باقر نظامی بلوچی1؛ فرهاد حسینی طایفه* 1؛ مهدی زارع خورمیزی2؛ امیر عبدوس3؛ لیلا جولایی4؛ منا ایزدیان1؛ سیدقاسم قربانزاده زعفرانی1 | ||
| 1گروه تنوع زیستی و ایمنی زیستی، پژوهشکده محیط زیست و توسعه پایدار، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2اداره کل حفاظت محیط زیست استان یزد، یزد، ایران | ||
| 3اداره کل حفاظت محیط زیست استان سمنان، سمنان، ایران | ||
| 4اداره کل حفاظت محیط زیست استان فارس، شیراز، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| گور ایرانی تنها نماینده فردسمان، بزرگترین علفخوار وحشی ایران و ساکن دشتها و تپهماهورهای زیستگاههای بیابانی و استپی است. بررسی وضعیت، روند جمعیت و ارزیابی اقدامات مدیریتی صورت گرفته برای این گونه در طبیعت و مناطق تکثیر و رهاسازی هدف اصلی این مطالعه است. بر اساس داده های سرشماری سال 1400، در مجموع 1315 فرد شامل 1231 فرد در طبیعت ایران در دو مجموعه بهرام گور و توران و 84 فرد در مراکز تکثیر و رهاسازی شمارش شدند. در توران در سال 1400 حداقل جمعیت 170 فرد و میانگین 14 سال اخیر (1400-1387) 160 فرد بوده است که نسبت به جمعیت 471 فرد سال 1376 و 800 فرد سال 1355 کاهش شدیدی داشته است. روند تغییرات جمعیت گور در منطقه بهرام گور حاکی از افزایش بیش از ده برابری جمعیت از 93 فرد در سال 1376 به 1061 فرد در سال 1400 بوده است. از دست رفتن زیستگاه، شکار و خشکسالیها، مهمترین عوامل کاهش جمعیت بوده و تشدید حفاظت، تأمین علوفه و منابع آب از مهمترین عوامل افزایش جمعیت این گونه است. حدود دو دهه است که برنامههای تکثیر در اسارت و معرفی مجدد در اولویت قرار گرفته و تا حدود زیادی موفق نیز عمل کردهاند. اگرچه این گونه همچنان در گروه گونههای تهدید شده قرار دارد، با این حال به دلیل روند مثبت جمعیت و بهبود جایگاه حفاظتی، مدیریت از آن را باید یکی از موفقترین برنامههای حفاظتی اجرا شده در ایران دانست. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| روند جمعیت؛ تکثیر در اسارت؛ معرفی مجدد؛ از دست رفتن زیستگاه؛ شکار؛ خشکسالی؛ فردسمان | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Population Trends and Evaluation of Captive Breeding and Reintroduction Programs of Endangered Persian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus onager) in Iran | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Bagher Nezami1؛ Farhad Hosseini Tayefeh1؛ Mehdi Zare Khormizi2؛ Amir Abdoos3؛ Leyla Jolaee4؛ Mona Izadian1؛ Seyed Ghasem Ghorbanzadeh Zafarani1 | ||
| 1Research Group of Biodiversity and Biosafety, Research Center for Environment and Sustainable Development (RCESD), Department of Environment, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Yazd Provincial Office, Department of Environment, Yazd, Iran | ||
| 3Semnan Provincial Office of Environment, Semnan, Iran | ||
| 4Fars Provincial Office of Environment, Shiraz, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Persian Wild Ass, the only representative of the order Perissodactyla, is the largest wild herbivore in Iran and inhabits the plains and hills of desert and steppe habitats. Study the status, population growth, and evaluation of management measures taken for this species in nature, reproduction, and rewilding areas are the main purposes of this study. According to the census data in 2021, there were a total of 1315 individuals, including 1231 individuals in the nature of Iran in the two protected complexes of Bahram-e-Gur and Turan and 84 individuals in the rewilding centers. In 2021, the minimum population was 170 individuals and the average of the last 14 years (2021-2008) was 160 individuals in the Turan complex, which decreased sharply compared to the population of 471 individuals in 1997 and 800 individuals in 1976. Changes in the population of the wild Ass in Bahram-e-Gur complex indicate that the population increases from 93 individuals in 1997 to 1061 individuals in 2021. The most important factors of population decline have been habitat loss, hunting, and droughts, and the most important factors in increasing the population of this species have been the intensification of conservation, forage supply, and water resources. Captive breeding programs and reintroduction have been prioritized for nearly two decades and have been successful to a large extent. Although this species is still in the group of endangered species, one of the most successful conservation programs executed in Iran is its management due to the population growth positively and the improvement of the conservation status. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Population trends, Captive breeding, Reintroduction, Habitat loss, Hunting, Droughts, Perissodactyla | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
[1]. Akbari, H., Farhadinia, M.S., Habibipour, A., and Shaker, A. (2013). Reintroduction of Persian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus onager): A Case Study in Kakmand-Bahadoran inYazd Province. Journal of Natural Environment. 66(1), 13-22. (in Farsi).
[2]. Bardsen, B.J., and Fox, J.L. (2009). Evaluation of line transect sampling for density estimates of chiru Pantholops hodgsoni in the Aru Basin, Tibet. Wildlife Biology. 12(1), 89-100.
[3]. Daemi, S. (2010). Study on viability analysis of Onager in captive breeding center of Yazd province. MSc thesis, Islamic Azad University, Research and Science Unit Branch of Tehran, Iran. 97 p. (in Farsi).
[4]. Denzau, G., and Denzau, H. (1999). Wildesel. Thorbecke species 3. J. Thorbecke Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.
[5]. Eberhardt, L.L. (1985). Assessing the dynamics of wild populations. Journal of Wildlife Management. 49, 997-1012.
[6]. Feh, C., Munkhtuya, B., Enkhbold, S., and Sukhbaatar, T. (2001). Ecology and social structure of the Gobi khulan Equus hemionus subsp. in the Gobi B National Park, Mongolia. Biological Conservation. 101, 51-61.
[7]. Fonturbel, F.E., and Simonetti, J.A. (2011). Translocations and human-carnivore conflicts: problem solving or problem creating? Wildlife Biology. 17, 217-224.
[8]. Gaillard, J.M., Festa-Bianchet, M., Yoccoz, N.G., Loison, A., and Toigo, C. (2000). Temporal variation in fitness components and population dynamics of large herbivores. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 31, 367-393.
[9]. Hamadanian, A. (2005). Onagers (Equus hemionus onager) in Iran, wild and captive. Zoology Garten. 75, 1-3.
[10]. Hausknecht, R., Jacobs, S., Müller, J., Zink, R., Frey, H., Solheim, R., Vrezec, A., Kristin, A., Mihok, J., Kergalve, I., Saurola, P., and Kuehn, R. (2014). Phylogeographic analysis and genetic cluster recognition for the conservation of Ural Owls (Strix uralensis) in Europe. Journal of Ornitholgy. 155, 121-134.
[11]. Hemami, M.R., and Momeni, M. (2013). Estimating abundance of the endangered onager Equus hemionus onager in Qatruiyeh National Park, Iran. Oryx. 47, 266-272.
[12]. Hemami, M.R., Kaczensky, P., Lkhagvasuren, B., Pereladova, O., and Bouskila, A. (2015). Equus hemionus ssp. onager. In the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. p. e.T7966A3144941.
[13]. Iissac, N.J.B., Turvey, S.T., Collen, B., Waterman, C., and Baillie, J.E.M. (2007). Mammals on the edge: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS ONE. 2, e296.
[14]. Kaczensky, P., Ganbaatar, O., Von-Wehrden, H., Enksaikhan, N., Lkhagvasuren, D., and Walzer, C. (2007). “Przewalski’s Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) Re-introduction in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area: from Species to Ecosystem Conservation. Mongolian Journal of Biological Sciences. 5, 13-18. doi.org/10.22353/mjbs.2007.05.03
[15]. Kaczensky, P., and Linnell, J.D.C. (2015). Rapid assessment of the mammalian community of the Badhyz Ecosystem, Turkmenistan. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim.
[16]. Kaczensky, P., Kovtun, E., Habibrakhmanov, R., Hemami, M.R., Khaleghi, A.H., Linnell, J.D.C., Rustamov, E., Sklyarenko, S., Walzer1, Ch., Zuther, S., and Kuehn, R. (2018). Genetic characterization of free-ranging Asiatic wild ass in Central Asia as a basis for future conservation strategies. Conservation Genetics. 19, 1169-1184.
[17]. Kaczensky, P., Hrabar, H., Lukarevski, V., Zimmermann, W., Usukhjargal, D., Ganbaatar, O., and Bouskila, A. (2016). Reintroduction of wild equids. In: Ransom, J.I., Kaczensky, P. (Eds.), Wild equids- ecology, management, and conservation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 196-214.
[18]. Kaboli, M., Aliabadian, M., Tohidifar, M., Hashemi, A., and Roselaar, C.C. (2016). Atlas of Birds of Iran. Tehran, Iran: Department of Environment Press. 617 p. (in Farsi).
[19]. Karami, M., Faizollahi, K., and Ghadiriyan, T. (2016). Atlas of mammals in Iran. Tehran, Iean: Department of Environment Press. 281 p. (in Farsi).
[20]. Lay-Douglas, M. (1967). A study of the mammals of Iran, Fieldiana Zoology. Vol. 54, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History. 220 p.
[21]. Marini, F., Franzetti, B., Calabrese, A., Cappellini, S., and Focardi, S. (2009). Response to human presense during nocturnal line transect survey in fallow deer (Dama dama) and wild boar (Sus scrofa). European Journal of Wildlife Research. 55(2), 107-115.
[22]. Moehlman, P.D., Shah, N., and Feh, C. (2008). Equus hemionus. In IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. v. 2012.1. Http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed 28 June 2012].
[23]. Nabiyan, M. (2010). Habitat assessment of Onager (Equus onager) in the Bahrame-Gour protected area and presenting habitat suitability modeling by HEP method. MSc thesis, Islamic Azad University, Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. (in Farsi).
[24]. Nezami, B. (2018). Asiatic Cheetah (Ecology and Status of Asiatic Cheetah in Iran). Jahade Daneshgahi, Tehran, Iran. 246 p. (in Farsi).
[25]. Nezami, B., Yousefi, M., Najafi Siavashan, N., Yousefi, R., and Shirkhani, A. (2022). Species Richness, Threats and Conservation Status of Mammals of Touran National Park, Semnan province. Animal Environment, in press. (in Farsi).
[26]. Nicholson, S.E. (2016). An analysis of recent rainfall condition in eastern Africa. International Journal of Climatology. 36, 526-532. doi.org/10.1002/joc.4358
[27]. Saltz, D. (1995). Population dynamics of a reintroduced Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus) herd. Ecological Applications. 5, 327-335.
[28]. Saltz, D., Mary Rowem, D., and Rubenstein, I. (2000). The effect of space–use patterns of reintroduced Asiatic wild ass on effective population size. Conservation Biology. 14, 1852-1861.
[29]. Saltz, D., Daniel, I., Rubenstein, G., and White, C. (2006). The impact of increased environmental stochasticity due to climate change on the dynamics of Asiatic wild ass. Conservation Biology. 20, 1402-1409.
[30]. SehhatiSabet, M.E., Koochali, F., and Nezami, B. (2021). Habitat Suitability of Honey Badgers (Mellivora capensis) in Kerman Province. Journal of Arid Biome. 11(1), 1-14.
[31]. Sutherland, W. J., Greenwood, J.D., and Robinson, R.A. (2006). Ecological Census Techniques a handbook. Cambridge Univirsity Press, Cambridge. 261 p.
[32]. Tatin, L., Darreh-Shoori, B.F., Tourenq, Ch., Tatin, D., and Azmayesh, B. (2003). The last populations of the Critically Endangered onager Equus hemionus onager in Iran: urgent requirements for protection and study. Oryx. 37(4), 488-491.
[33]. Tayefeh, F.H., Ghasemi, S., Izadian, M., Ghorbanzadeh, S. G., Ebrahimi, E., and Nezami, B. (2020). National Action Plan for Management and Protection of Iranian Onager. Research Center of Environment and Sustainable Development. Tehran, Iran. Department of the Environment. 72 p. (in Farsi).
[34]. Tesfai, R.T., Owen-Smith, N., Parrini, F., and Moehlman, P.D. (2019). Viability of the critically endangered African wild ass (Equus africanus) population on Messir Plateau (Eritrea). Journal of Mammalogy. 100(1), 185-191.
[35]. Waltert, M., Chuwa, M., and Kiffner, C. (2009). An assessment of the puku (Kobus vardonii) population at Lake Rukwa, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology. 47(4), 688-692.
[36]. Yousefi, M., Nezami, B., Abdoos, A., Zaheri, B.A., Radman, A., and Najafi Siavashan, N. (2021). Richness and conservation status of birds of Touran National Park, Semnan province. Experimental Animal Biology. 10(1:37), 51-61.
[37]. Zhirnov, L.V., and Ilyinsky, V.O. (1986). The Great Gobi Reserve: a refuge for rare animals of the Central Asian deserts. USSR/UNEP Project, Programme for Publication and Informational Support. GKNT, Moscow: Centre for International Projects.
[38]. Ziaee, H. (2008). A field guide to mammals of Iran. Tehran, Iran: Second edition. Wildlife Center Publication. 419 p. (in Farsi). | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 745 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 600 |
||