بررسی و مقایسه تطبیقی ویژگیهای معماری نیایشگاههای هخامنشی تا ساسانی (مطالعه موردی: دهانه غلامان و کوه خواجه در سیستان) | ||
| معماری اقلیم گرم و خشک | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 10، شماره 16، اسفند 1401، صفحه 1-22 اصل مقاله (1.99 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/ahdc.2022.17509.1607 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| زهرا سرابندی1؛ جمشید داوطلب* 2؛ ابولفضل حیدری3؛ نقی ابراهیمیان کرده ده1 | ||
| 1دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مطالعات معماری ایران، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران | ||
| 2استادیار دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران. | ||
| 3استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| پرستش خدایگان مختلف در بین ایرانیان باستان همواره رواج داشته است؛ از این میان می‌توان به الهه آب و آتش اشاره کرد که به سبب تقدس و احترام بیشتر نسبت به دیگر خدایگان مورد توجه بیشتری قرارگرفته‌اند. محل پرستش در بین مردمان ایران باستان، ابتدا در فضایی باز، روی بلندی‌ها و در جوار رودخانه‌ها صورت می‌گرفته است؛ بعد‌ها بنا به سبک نیایش مردمان باستان، نیایشگاه‌هایی در سراسر ایران مختص پرستش این خدایگان ساخته شده است که از آن بناها می-توان به معابد و آتشکده‌ها اشاره کرد. این نیایشگاه‌ها با وجود داشتن پیشینه‌ای غنی در شرق ایران مورد مطالعات کمتری قرارگرفته و به سبب این کم‌توجهی در معرض تخریب قرار گرفته است. پژوهش حاضر به مطالعه و بررسی دو نمونه از این نیایشگاه‌ها در شرق ایران، در منطقه سیستان پرداخته است. نیایشگاههای ساختمان شماره 3 دهانه غلامان و کوه‌خواجه در سیستان از نیایشگاههای منحصربه‌فرد و دارای اهمیت ویژه‌ای هستند. هدف این مقاله مقایسه تطبیقی معماری این دو نیایشگاه مربوط به دوره‌های هخامنشی و اشکانی - ساسانی و آگاهی از ویژگی‌ها، تفاوت‌ها و شباهت‌ها آن دو است. این پژوهش با روش تفسیری- تاریخی و رویکرد توصیفی – تحلیلی انجام شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که این دو نیایشگاه با داشتن ویژگیهای معماری منحصربه‌فرد دارای شباهت‌هایی از نظر درون‌گرا بودن پلان‌ها، سازگاری با اقلیم، وجود محراب آتش و حضور عنصر آب در داخل و خارج بناها بوده و نیز تفاوت‌هایی در موقعیت قرارگیری حیاط مرکزی، نوع پوشش سقف، وجود یا عدم وجود صفه و منفرد بودن یا در مجموعه‌ای از یک بنا قرارگرفتن دارند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| نیایشگاه؛ معماری؛ سیستان؛ دهانه غلامان؛ کوه‌خواجه | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| A comparative study of the architectural features of shrines from the Achaemenid era to the Sassanid era: A case study of Dahaneh-e Gholaman and Kooh-e-Khajeh in Sistan region | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Zahra Sarabandi1؛ Jamshid Davtalab2؛ Abolfazl Heidari3؛ Naghi Ebrahemian Kordedeh1 | ||
| 1Master student of Iranian Architectural Studies, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. | ||
| 2Department of Architecture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran. | ||
| 3Assistant Professor, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Worshipping different deities was a very common practice among the ancient Iranians. The deities of water and fire often received more attention and respect from worshippers because of being deemed more divine. The ancient Iranians initially worshipped and prayed to their gods in open spaces, on natural heights and near rivers. Later, shrines specifically devoted to these deities, such as altars and fire temples, were built all over Iran based on the worship style of these ancient people. Despite having a rich history in the east of Iran, these shrines have received little scholarly attention and are at the risk of destruction because of exposure to the elements and prolonged inattention. Two shrines located in Sistan in the eastern section of Iran were studied in this research. These shrines, one located inside building no. 3 in Dahaneh-e Gholaman and the other on Kooh-e-Khajeh, are considered unique and highly significant. This study compares the architecture of these shrines which belong to the Achaemenid and Parthian-Sassanid periods with the aim of specifying the differences and similarities between the two. The methodology of this research is interpretive-historical with a descriptive approach. The findings point to a number of similar architectural features such as the introvert design, compatibility with the region’s climate, and the presence of the fire and water elements inside and outside the structures. The differences include the position of the central courtyard, the type of roof, the presence of platforms or lack thereof and the structure being singular or belonging to a set. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| worship, Architecture, Sistan, Dahaneh-e Gholaman, Kooh-e-Khajeh | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
- Abbasi, Zuhair. (2018). A Survey and Analysis of Architectural Remains of Kuhe-e Khwajeh During the Historical Period. The Dissertation of PHD In Archaeology – Historial Period, University of Mazandran. (In Persian). - Ahmadi, A. (2007). The reasons for the prominence of Anahita during the Achaemenid Ardeshir II. Culture and Literature Journal 5,139-148. (In Persian). - Alam Al-Hoda, Hoda. (2003). Water in Iranian Architecture. Art Magazine, No 57 and 58. (In Persian). - Al-e-Ahmad, J. (1971). Khark Island in the Persian Gulf. Tehran: Amir Kabir Press. (In Persian). - Ali Pourmand, Hassan; Tavousi, Mahmoud. (2010). The goddess of water, Anahita. Ketab Mah Honar publication, vol. 143, pp. 36-47. (In Persian). - Arab, Hassan Ali; Khaledian, Sattar. (2019). The formation of the characteristics of urban architecture of the Achaemenid period in Dahane Gholaman. Scientific Quarterly of Restoration and Architecture of Iran, 9th year, No 19, pp. 21-33. (In Persian). - Arab, Hassan Ali. (2005). An archaeological Approach to the Structure and Management of Outstanding Settlement Central of Achaemenids and the Quality of the Adaptation of the Formation Pattern of These Centers to Natural Potentials (A Case Study of Dahan-e- Gholaman), master's thesis, archeology - historical period, Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University. (In Persian). - Boyce, M. (2002). Zoroastrians, their beliefs and religious customs (A. Bahrami, Trans.). Tehran: Qoqnous Press. (In Persian). - Boyce, M. & Frantz, G. (1996). The history of Zoroastrian religion after Iskandar (3rd vol.) (H. Sanatizadeh, Trans.). Tehran: Gostareh Press. (In Persian). - Christensen, Arthur. (1938). L'Iran sous les Sassanides. translated by Rashid Yasmi. Tehran, Sedaye Moaser Publications. (In Persian). - Ettinghausen, R. (2002). Islamic Art and Arheciture (3rd ed.) (Y. Ajand, Trans.). Tehran: Samt Press. (In Persian). - Ghanimati, Soroor. (2003). Koh-Khwaja, the most important Zoroastrian place of worship in Sistan. Book of the Month of History and Geography, pp. 6-20. (In Persian). - Gnoli, Gherardo. (2016). Historical researches about ancient Sistan (first edition). Seyyed Mansour Seyedsajadi, Tehran, Movazi Publishing, Pishin Pazhoh. (In Persian). - Ghanimati, Soroor. (1995). Kuh- e khwaja: Building complex in sistan Berkely. - Ghanimati, Soroor. (2001). Kuh- e Khwaja: A Major Zoroastrian Temple complex in Sistan. - Ghanimati, Soroor. (2013). Kuh- e Khwaja and the Religious Architecture of Sasanian Iran, Archaeology, Archaeology of the Near East, pp. 1-33. -Ghanimti, Soroor. (2016). New Perspectives on the Chronological and Functional Horizons of Kuh-e- Khwjaja in Sistan. British Institute of Persian Studies.Iran, Vol. 38 (2000), pp. 137-150. - Heidari, A. (2012). Spatial analysis of the arheciture of Anahita temple in Kangavar. Journal of Iranian Islamic City, 7, 73-86. (In Persian). - Hertzfeld, Ernest Emile. (2001). Iran in the Acient East (first edition). translated by: Homayoun Sanatizadeh. Tehran: Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and Research Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies. (In Persian). - Huff, D., (1990). “ČAHĀRṬĀQ”, EncycloPedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6, pp. 634-642. - Scerrato, Umberto. (1966). Excavation at Dahan-e Ghulaman (sistan – Iran) First preliminary report (1962 – 1963). EW. Vol. 16, 1966b. p .9 – 30. - Joudaki Azizi, A., Mousavi Haji, S. R. & Mehrafarin, R. (2015). Chaharsofeh pattern typology at Iranian architecture and its Evolution. Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture, 4(2), 64-88. (In Persian). - Kavosh, Hossein Ali. (2003). Mountains and lakes in religions (1 edition). Zabul University. (In Persian). - Mariani, Luca. (1996). Rehabilitation in Dahane Gholaman and Kouh Khajah. Translated by Seyed Ahmad Mousavi, Tehran: Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization, first edition. (In Persian). - Mehr Afarin, Reza. (2012). Bar Chekad Ushida (first edition). Tehran: Daryaft publication. (In Persian). - Mishmast Nehi, Moslem. (2006). Master's thesis in the field of restoration of cultural and historical objects, Isfahan Art University, Faculty of Restoration. (In Persian). - Mohammadkhani, Kourosh. (2009). Archaeological investigation report of Dahane Gholaman area in Sistan. Organization of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of the country, Research Institute of the Organization of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of the country, pp. 1-122. (In Persian). - Moradi Ghiyasabadi, Reza. (2000). Zoroastrian observatory in Nimroz (origin of chronology in the Islamic world) (first edition). Tehran: Pazhuhandeh Publications. (In Persian). - Motamedmanesh, Mahdi. (2018). Achaemenid Imperial Architecture: a Symbol of Technology and Wisdom in Antiquity. Journal of Iranian Architectural Studies, Vol. 13, pp. 5-32. (In Persian). - Mousavi Haji, Seyyed Rasul; Mehr Afarin, Reza. (2009). A survey of the historical geography of Sistan (from the beginning to the 9th century A.H.) (first edition). Zahedan, Organization of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Sistan and Baluchistan Province. (In Persian). Nazem, Farnaz; Habib, Fereshteh; Suzanchi, Kianoush. (2020). Four Elemennts (Water, Earth, Air and Fire), an Iranian Pattern for Urban Park Deign. J. Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 22, No.2, pp. 209-224. (In Persian). Niazi Motlagh Junqani, Nazanin; Akbari, Hassan. (2019). Recognizing the physical features and natural elements of the central courtyards in the historical houses of Isfahan city. Architecture in Hot and Dry Climate, Vol. 7, pp. 83-100. (In Persian). - Oshidari, J. (2000). Light, fire and fire temple in Zoroastrianism (1st ed.). Tehran: Jahangir Oshidari Press. (In Persian). - Ouria, M. (2015). An introduction to the history of Azarbaijan Arheicture: From the stone age until Qajar Era (1st ed.). Tabriz: Akhtar Press. (In Persian). - Pirnia, M. (2003). Iranian architecture stylistics (2nd ed.). Nashr-e Pajouhandeh Press. (In Persian). - Pirnia, M. (2003). Iranian architecture stylistics (15th ed.). Nashr-e Pajouhandeh Press. (In Persian). - Qavimodolleh, Ali Akbar. (1926). Atash and Atashkadeh. Future, No. 11. (In Persian). - Qayyoomi Bidhendi, Mehrdad; Danai Far, Motahara. (2016). The concept of architecture in the period of transition from the Sassanid era to the Islamic era, an introduction to the history of the concept of Iranian architecture. Journal of Iranian Architectural Studies, Vol. 10, pp. 72-49. (In Persian). - Rezaneia, A. (2018). Some remarks on the architectural structure and function of the Niasar chahar taq. Pazhohesh-ha-ye Bastanshenasi Iran, 8(17), 141-160. (In Persian). - Saidi, Farah. (1998). Guide to Persepolis, Naqsh Rostam and Pasargad. Tehran, Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization. (In Persian). - Saidipour, Saeed. (2013). Architectural history of Iran and the world. Tehran, Arman Danesh. (In Persian). - Sarfraz, Ali Akbar. (1987). Bishapur, in the cities of Iran. Jahad Daneshgahi. (In Persian). - Scerrato, Umberto. (1979). Evidences of religious life in Dahane Gholaman Sistan. Translated by A. Abedi, pp. 143-164. (In Persian). - Seyedsjadi, Seyed Mansour. (1996). Dahane Gholaman: an Achaemenid city in Sistan, part one. archeology and history magazine, No 2, 10th year, spring and summer 1996, pp. 37-54. (In Persian). - Seyedsjadi, Seyed Mansour. (2003). A brief guide to the ancient works of Sistan (first edition). Zahedan: Management and Planning Organization of Sistan and Baluchistan Province. (In Persian). - Seyedsajadi, Seyed Mansour; Saber Moghadam, Faramarz. (2003), three Achaemenid era images from Gholaman Crater. Cultural Heritage Research Institute letter, second issue, spring 2003, pp. 11-25. (In Persian). - Shahmardan, Rashid. (1957). Zoroastrian Shrine. Bombay, Zoroastrian Youth Organization Publication, first edition. (In Persian). - Soleimani, Peyman. (2014). Nigār Chārtāḳi: A Study on the Structure of Chārtāḳis. the second international research conference in engineering, science and technology, UAE. (In Persian). - Scerrato, Umberto. (1979). Evidence of Religious Life at Dahan-e Gholaman, sistan, South Asian Archaeology, 1979, Vol. 2, NAPIES. - Zarei, Mohammad Ibrahim. (2012). Getting to Know world architecture (14th edition), Tehran, Fan Avran. (In Persian). | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 730 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,073 |
||